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URINE EXAMINATION & Various Body Fluids?

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 Topics cover ! What is urine? Formation of urine?  Routine Urine examination? Specimen collection? Physical Examination of Urine? Chemical Examination of Urine? Microscopic Examination of Urine? Normal and Abnormal value of Urine? What is Urine Examination? A urine examination, also known as urinalysis, is a diagnostic test that involves analyzing a person's urine to assess their overall health and detect potential medical conditions. It provides valuable information about the chemical composition and physical properties of the urine. Here are some of the key aspects examined in a urine test: 1. Color:  The color of urine can vary and may indicate hydration levels or the presence of certain substances or medical conditions. 2. Clarity: Normal urine is typically clear. Cloudy urine may suggest an infection or other issues. 3. Specific Gravity : This measures the concentration of dissolved substances in urine, indicating hydration status. 4. pH Level: This indicates the acidity or
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Neoplasia?

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 Topics cover.  What is Neoplasia? What is benign & malignant tumor?  Classification & nomenclature of neoplastic disease?  Chemical, physical, & biological carcinogenesis?  Clinical & gross structure of Dysplasia?  What is Invasion & Metastatis? Cytological features of malignancy?   What is Neoplasia? Neoplasia is the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells in the body, leading to the formation of a tumor or mass. These cells, called neoplastic cells, often lack the typical regulatory mechanisms that control cell growth. Neoplasia can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with the latter having the potential to invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. What is benign & malignant tumor? Benign Tumor A benign tumor is a non-cancerous growth of cells that does not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. While it can grow and cause health issues if it presses against surrounding structures, it usually remains l
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What is Pathophysiology of Haemodynamics?

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 Topics cover. What is Haemodynamics What is fluid compartment of the body?  Types of the pressure gradient?  What is disturbance of body water?  What is Edema?  Pathogenesis of Edema?  Types of Edema?  What is Hemorrhage?  Types of Hemorrhage? What is Hyperaemia and congestion? Defination of Thrombosis, Embolism, Ischemia, Infarction? What is Haemodynamics? Haemodynamics refers to the study of the forces and principles governing the circulation of blood within the body's cardiovascular system. It explores factors such as blood pressure, blood flow, and vascular resistance, elucidating how these variables interact to maintain a steady flow of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs. Understanding haemodynamics is crucial in diagnosing and treating various cardiovascular conditions. What is fluid compartment of body?  The fluid compartment of the body refers to the spaces where fluids are distributed within our body. These fluids include water and various dissolved substances ess
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What is Healing?

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  Topics cover What is Healing? And it's chemical mediator.  Phases of Healing  Mechanism of Healing  What is Regenaration? And it's chemical mediator  Mechanism of Regenaration  What is Repair? And chemical mediator  Healing in skin  Primary and secondary intention of Healing.  Healing in other tissues. What is Healing and it's chemical mediator?  Healing is a natural process of restoration and recovery, encompassing physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects. It involves the alleviation of pain, the restoration of balance and well-being, and the promotion of growth and wholeness within an individual's mind, body, and soul. Chemical Mediators of Healing?  Chemical mediators of healing can be numerous and varied. Here are five examples of important chemical mediators involved in the healing process: 1. Growth Factors: These signaling molecules stimulate cell growth, division, and tissue repair. Ex- Inflammation, collagen synthesis  2. Cytokines : These small proteins
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What is Granulomatous?

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Granulomatous  Topics cover  What is Granulomatous  Causes of Granulomatous  Why it's occurs  Where it is occur Chemical Mediators of Granulomatous  Gross structure of Granulomatous  Microscopic structure of Granulomatous What is Granulomatous?  Granulomatous refers to the formation of granulomas, which are organized collections of immune cells called macrophages. Granulomas typically form in response to persistent or chronic inflammation and are characterized by a central core surrounded by a rim of immune cells, often seen in conditions like tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Causes of Granulomatous   Causes of Granulomatous: 1. Infections: Tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal infections (histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis), and others. 2. Autoimmune diseases: Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis. 3. Environmental exposures: Berylliosis, silicosis. 4. Foreign bodies: Certain types of implants or materials can trigger granuloma formation. 5. Granulomatous vasculitis: Condition
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What is inflammation?

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What is inflammation Inflammation is the body's response to injury, infection, or irritation, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and sometimes loss of function. It is a complex physiological process involving the immune system that aims to remove harmful stimuli and initiate the healing process. Types of inflammation There are two main types of inflammation: 1. Acute Inflammation: Acute inflammation is a short-term, immediate response to tissue injury or infection. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function in the affected area. Acute inflammation is typically a protective response aimed at eliminating the harmful agent and initiating tissue repair. 2. Chronic Inflammation: Chronic inflammation is a prolonged and persistent inflammatory response that can last for weeks, months, or even years. It is often associated with conditions such as autoimmune diseases, persistent infections, or prolonged exposure to irritants. Chronic inflammati
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What is Edema?

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What is Edema? Edema, in pathology, refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces, leading to tissue swelling. It occurs due to an imbalance between hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, and endothelial permeability within blood vessels and surrounding tissues.  Pathogenesis of Edema? The pathogenesis of edema involves a disruption in the balance between hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, and endothelial permeability within the blood vessels and interstitial spaces. Here's a simplified explanation of the pathogenesis of edema: 1. Increased Hydrostatic Pressure: An increase in hydrostatic pressure within the blood vessels can force fluid out into the interstitial spaces. This can occur due to factors such as venous obstruction (e.g., deep vein thrombosis), congestive heart failure, or local factors like inflammation. 2. Decreased Colloid Osmotic Pressure: Colloid osmotic pressure, mainly exerted by plasma proteins (such as albumi
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