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 Topics cover ! What is urine? Formation of urine?  Routine Urine examination? Specimen collection? Physical Examination of Urine? Chemical Examination of Urine? Microscopic Examination of Urine? Normal and Abnormal value of Urine? What is Urine Examination? A urine examination, also known as urinalysis, is a diagnostic test that involves analyzing a person's urine to assess their overall health and detect potential medical conditions. It provides valuable information about the chemical composition and physical properties of the urine. Here are some of the key aspects examined in a urine test: 1. Color:  The color of urine can vary and may indicate hydration levels or the presence of certain substances or medical conditions. 2. Clarity: Normal urine is typically clear. Cloudy urine may suggest an infection or other issues. 3. Specific Gravity : This measures the concentration of dissolved substances in urine, indicating hydration status. 4. pH Level: This indicates the acidity or

 Topics cover.  What is Neoplasia? What is benign & malignant tumor?  Classification & nomenclature of neoplastic disease?  Chemical, physical, & biological carcinogenesis?  Clinical & gross structure of Dysplasia?  What is Invasion & Metastatis? Cytological features of malignancy?   What is Neoplasia? Neoplasia is the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells in the body, leading to the formation of a tumor or mass. These cells, called neoplastic cells, often lack the typical regulatory mechanisms that control cell growth. Neoplasia can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with the latter having the potential to invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. What is benign & malignant tumor? Benign Tumor A benign tumor is a non-cancerous growth of cells that does not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. While it can grow and cause health issues if it presses against surrounding structures, it usually remains l